tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91164946112167601662024-03-19T13:15:53.072+06:00Architecture as AestheticsPK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.comBlogger204125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-71651081591138541702014-11-20T01:13:00.004+06:002014-11-20T01:13:42.379+06:00Alcácer do Sal Residences <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpK8CXGJOr56LSwS1rnAayO2XQpgT6NxlQzoLv_1bUQZQR3i1of5okletOEQ6APXL6qHJKoYV-zrg4St4p0xmB6nbEG8n9zbS-EMMXm_pFmHpJzYakk3-S03qP_Z370rE5MbgNtJhg7jg/s1600/51116f3fb3fc4b7f4b000040_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_98.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpK8CXGJOr56LSwS1rnAayO2XQpgT6NxlQzoLv_1bUQZQR3i1of5okletOEQ6APXL6qHJKoYV-zrg4St4p0xmB6nbEG8n9zbS-EMMXm_pFmHpJzYakk3-S03qP_Z370rE5MbgNtJhg7jg/s1600/51116f3fb3fc4b7f4b000040_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_98.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAQli1oVW6h4ES9tmH2cELd3OdkbNuUHCW4llhtRlKa32kdFw4Z_9aKP-tPhrHOTw_KfGcNdvyS4kxpgNUGDIp3xPAOjOqQKGuHLoKwdhzbGE_dOsDU3M8eOXvHuhrSC2hKe_3obwTb_E/s1600/51116f55b3fc4b7f4b000048_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_73.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAQli1oVW6h4ES9tmH2cELd3OdkbNuUHCW4llhtRlKa32kdFw4Z_9aKP-tPhrHOTw_KfGcNdvyS4kxpgNUGDIp3xPAOjOqQKGuHLoKwdhzbGE_dOsDU3M8eOXvHuhrSC2hKe_3obwTb_E/s1600/51116f55b3fc4b7f4b000048_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_73.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Architects:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.airesmateus.com/" target="_blank"><b><span style="background: white; color: #2e7cb6; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aires Mateus</span></b></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Location:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Alcacer do Sal, Portugal</strong></span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Architect In Charge:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Francisco
Aires Mateus & Manuel Aires Mateus</strong></span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Design Team:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Giacomo Brenna, Paola Marini, Anna
Bacchetta, Miguel Pereira</strong></span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Area:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>0.0 sqm</strong></span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Year:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>2010<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaKkAF34U7ter9zmukfWUEmdvDZgfIdFb9Pa98Wix0g3jEtwtXymRjvJPPx49pJCeUpGQloOq9MXdQCzPESdUe6tJyzwzz-maeqsS9LKkCOQRA0eWFwwzbOrvz0jJDgaNW5mAW0-m97AI/s1600/51116f5db3fc4bf5e7000049_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_54.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaKkAF34U7ter9zmukfWUEmdvDZgfIdFb9Pa98Wix0g3jEtwtXymRjvJPPx49pJCeUpGQloOq9MXdQCzPESdUe6tJyzwzz-maeqsS9LKkCOQRA0eWFwwzbOrvz0jJDgaNW5mAW0-m97AI/s1600/51116f5db3fc4bf5e7000049_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_54.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDcmFCny4dx72CBG-ij9myD3MvjAp12xGfov-iDwr4p-HbuqZY2KhE0SHOKXYoQYxmLuMBk9rqU0F57OS4Y7DEKTsFlRWoddyxszJiOrIGTvtU9IbgYoxfx1HSdpL9-M1L2MAOYF9_zgM/s1600/51116f4bb3fc4b8704000044_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_80.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDcmFCny4dx72CBG-ij9myD3MvjAp12xGfov-iDwr4p-HbuqZY2KhE0SHOKXYoQYxmLuMBk9rqU0F57OS4Y7DEKTsFlRWoddyxszJiOrIGTvtU9IbgYoxfx1HSdpL9-M1L2MAOYF9_zgM/s1600/51116f4bb3fc4b8704000044_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_80.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a><i><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From the
architect.</span></i><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
project is based on a attentive reading of the life of a very specific kind of
community, a sort of a micro-society with its own rules.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkfcYvwwU_5JWtI05c1uXopqBW3VRI1CcofNx2BSb93dQGh1yEB3D2eYCpvr17B8G87ZZqEc4bcfTTwgiUPa8_mY9_Ail7ya_DEnXGQ-Jn5IWCuVnSem0AeX9zKJsIcSznJs1SWACwGhg/s1600/51116f8fb3fc4b0296000057_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_141.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkfcYvwwU_5JWtI05c1uXopqBW3VRI1CcofNx2BSb93dQGh1yEB3D2eYCpvr17B8G87ZZqEc4bcfTTwgiUPa8_mY9_Ail7ya_DEnXGQ-Jn5IWCuVnSem0AeX9zKJsIcSznJs1SWACwGhg/s1600/51116f8fb3fc4b0296000057_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_141.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq-fL-dfY1gYIUntvPJSnUzyVdZ8SeA8yaYltCNTGT-SD0yv1I9ypS894n8MZwuxGAG0IhgqSwfzuIhJw9hb8GQcf2WBwHS_goovnvTcavBk45x9aWHHSy6RwiyJR027mNGulJTKBs_nU/s1600/51116f8cb3fc4b75d9000055_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_148.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq-fL-dfY1gYIUntvPJSnUzyVdZ8SeA8yaYltCNTGT-SD0yv1I9ypS894n8MZwuxGAG0IhgqSwfzuIhJw9hb8GQcf2WBwHS_goovnvTcavBk45x9aWHHSy6RwiyJR027mNGulJTKBs_nU/s1600/51116f8cb3fc4b75d9000055_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_148.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is a program,
somewhere in between a hotel and a hospital, that seeks to comprehend and
reinterpret the combination social/private, answering to the needs of a social
life, and at the same time of solitude. Independents unities aggregate into a
unique body, whose design is expressive and clear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The reduct mobility of
those who will live in the building suggests that any displacement should be an
emotive and variable experience. The distance between the independent units is
measured and drawn to turn the idea of path into life, and its time into form.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwRTLCmruZTERbowjdJ8jiu8D58JltP1yQrhEYhONbtll11cJj2phe5ZWnV8OK7WJtgh-jcnE7gOyKWG-UjeG1UiOuEW8Ilbx0lLPp8cpD7GAjT5_xGILhcgrKAfKmCTY13GgimUyCuAA/s1600/51116f45b3fc4bf5e7000042_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_83.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwRTLCmruZTERbowjdJ8jiu8D58JltP1yQrhEYhONbtll11cJj2phe5ZWnV8OK7WJtgh-jcnE7gOyKWG-UjeG1UiOuEW8Ilbx0lLPp8cpD7GAjT5_xGILhcgrKAfKmCTY13GgimUyCuAA/s1600/51116f45b3fc4bf5e7000042_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_83.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgprP-y8RL9oUWLCX58zImCZss3xzGqqMiFYgW2H96WAEwtOX41CGukjyW0aC588y38qgVhhPyDXrORHBxc0O8GVucyGAvbmBVlJ4R7LMkyecpxz6niicAZ-WIE8wl51di9DeE7porZ8FM/s1600/51116f40b3fc4b8a75000041_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_93.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgprP-y8RL9oUWLCX58zImCZss3xzGqqMiFYgW2H96WAEwtOX41CGukjyW0aC588y38qgVhhPyDXrORHBxc0O8GVucyGAvbmBVlJ4R7LMkyecpxz6niicAZ-WIE8wl51di9DeE7porZ8FM/s1600/51116f40b3fc4b8a75000041_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_93.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The building, designed
path, is a wall that naturally rises from the topography: it limits and defines
the open space, organizing the entire plot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFxh1wflOOpzljVJXlqsgI4HeqHhlPmfTVBamYM-el0m6uEVegmtzH0PxpPZRWv9JUU1GeEEocGaZk1tVpoEEBVuf8ro5a25gbiRRzIlG9vr9f8fjn5MMI96iFfJAlqQyoA6g44OCdQEc/s1600/51116fc3b3fc4b8a75000063_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFxh1wflOOpzljVJXlqsgI4HeqHhlPmfTVBamYM-el0m6uEVegmtzH0PxpPZRWv9JUU1GeEEocGaZk1tVpoEEBVuf8ro5a25gbiRRzIlG9vr9f8fjn5MMI96iFfJAlqQyoA6g44OCdQEc/s1600/51116fc3b3fc4b8a75000063_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_1.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8pm6WeHF_h81O4pQZEfVarIwrYbadnQvJ9iAD6oWMICU7EeZMh97Ev5MuUcJ7DQpodUDGFf5rmr7T1BmCM6ZYLz1mS3-WVJjMtK8uPPdsX37cxNCTcnuYlY9DkIlfeOrmTpbjPBTjN9w/s1600/51116f74b3fc4b7f4b00004e_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_34.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8pm6WeHF_h81O4pQZEfVarIwrYbadnQvJ9iAD6oWMICU7EeZMh97Ev5MuUcJ7DQpodUDGFf5rmr7T1BmCM6ZYLz1mS3-WVJjMtK8uPPdsX37cxNCTcnuYlY9DkIlfeOrmTpbjPBTjN9w/s1600/51116f74b3fc4b7f4b00004e_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_34.jpg" height="200" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6JZCAvEXSLfzT4hSvpUMndf5sgHfY3RGf2Fh4DLJysmxCbTVPsK4Zu_2lOFgvi5aZMs_AE-uXf7W9N9g_VvzQzHCc3VCmnvMoGHExqIovgo9LeGsM0n6LJLq34hpQid_PS1bY_PJl7YU/s1600/51116fa2b3fc4b8a7500005b_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_129.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6JZCAvEXSLfzT4hSvpUMndf5sgHfY3RGf2Fh4DLJysmxCbTVPsK4Zu_2lOFgvi5aZMs_AE-uXf7W9N9g_VvzQzHCc3VCmnvMoGHExqIovgo9LeGsM0n6LJLq34hpQid_PS1bY_PJl7YU/s1600/51116fa2b3fc4b8a7500005b_alc-cer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus_129.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Source : <a href="http://www.archdaily.com/328516/alcacer-do-sal-residences-aires-mateus/" target="_blank">Archdaily</a></span></div>
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PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-34135029055247721892014-11-19T13:47:00.001+06:002014-11-19T13:47:11.463+06:00Danish National Maritime Museum <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpO-1HAOQpTJv_vRe6P9v5AknP1EFs9Fo-Iis1RG1oWDEBu8m2TnzPkly4Gp3SZWTf_YjrzosLEfM5yjh8PY6t2ULY6eNuWDCt5MIOwJT_fkic9WfmvOM7TkK_q2m0MCsbc9WvrABJhkQ/s1600/526332bde8e44ee8e1000173_danish-national-maritime-museum-big_sof-image-by-rasmus-hjortshoj-03_original.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpO-1HAOQpTJv_vRe6P9v5AknP1EFs9Fo-Iis1RG1oWDEBu8m2TnzPkly4Gp3SZWTf_YjrzosLEfM5yjh8PY6t2ULY6eNuWDCt5MIOwJT_fkic9WfmvOM7TkK_q2m0MCsbc9WvrABJhkQ/s1600/526332bde8e44ee8e1000173_danish-national-maritime-museum-big_sof-image-by-rasmus-hjortshoj-03_original.jpg" height="99" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOcJ8gtxXfIMHEgANdGrT25eh1GutNRI2K74MkLZgk96ZmBKWN-G7-vJuaJeHxySfmwR41xTFV2TbfM4aaPG6Uihr8Ax1H6w_4QcL-tC9hYBX1kmUPvK2GWaS3-yhou5EKqToJtgWQkYk/s1600/526332a1e8e44e88a000017f_danish-national-maritime-museum-big_sof-image-by-luca-santiago-mora-03_original.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOcJ8gtxXfIMHEgANdGrT25eh1GutNRI2K74MkLZgk96ZmBKWN-G7-vJuaJeHxySfmwR41xTFV2TbfM4aaPG6Uihr8Ax1H6w_4QcL-tC9hYBX1kmUPvK2GWaS3-yhou5EKqToJtgWQkYk/s1600/526332a1e8e44e88a000017f_danish-national-maritime-museum-big_sof-image-by-luca-santiago-mora-03_original.jpg" height="108" width="200" /></a><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Architects:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.big.dk/" target="_blank"><b><span style="background: white; color: #2e7cb6; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BIG</span></b></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Location:<strong> Helsingor,</strong><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span><a href="http://www.archdaily.com/tag/denmark/" title="Posts tagged with Denmark"><b><span style="background: white; color: #2e7cb6; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Denmark</span></b></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Architect In Charge:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>Bjarke
Ingels, David Zahle</strong></span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Project Leader :<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>David
Zahle</strong></span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Area:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>17,500 sqm</strong></span><br />
<span style="background: white;">Year:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>2013<o:p></o:p></strong></span></span></div>
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architect.</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Danish Maritime Museum had to find its place in a unique historic and spatial
context; between one of Denmark’s most important and famous buildings and a
new, ambitious cultural centre. This is the context in which the museum has
proven itself with an understanding of the character of the region and
especially the Kronborg Castle. Like a subterranean museum in a dry dock.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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old dock walls untouched, the galleries are placed below ground and arranged in
a continuous loop around the dry dock walls – making the dock the centerpiece
of the exhibition – an open, outdoor area where visitors experience the scale
of ship building.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">A series of three double-level
bridges span the dry dock, serving both as an urban connection, as well as
providing visitors with short-cuts to differe</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKU8baiZRltPdhwCXuJg7wsp_ShdTc3ZVSkIDntGCECIBb5Q3QxkioIDUs9V8SZzNCXN87BCaG8mO835bA6glK7vkyehU8xxFKB5JB7oOeFOFhGVjcStYdAnDTEbMCVad-ivEaS_CQybc/s1600/52633363e8e44ee8e1000174_danish-national-maritime-museum-big_sof-image-by-luca-santiago-mora-14_original.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKU8baiZRltPdhwCXuJg7wsp_ShdTc3ZVSkIDntGCECIBb5Q3QxkioIDUs9V8SZzNCXN87BCaG8mO835bA6glK7vkyehU8xxFKB5JB7oOeFOFhGVjcStYdAnDTEbMCVad-ivEaS_CQybc/s1600/52633363e8e44ee8e1000174_danish-national-maritime-museum-big_sof-image-by-luca-santiago-mora-14_original.jpg" height="183" width="200" /></a><br />
nt sections of the museum. The
harbor bridge closes off the dock while serving as harbor promenade; the
museum’s auditorium serves as a bridge connecting the adjacent Culture Yard
with the Kronborg Castle; and the sloping zig-zag bridge navigates visitors to
the main entrance.<o:p></o:p><br />
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<div style="background: white; line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlNObwqUcJ2nwmU0JoElC6tm68oECbXqvfPKV26vnM3VqdKvisJyVyKh01ImJ34gNOvFJ7gBBfFsmiM0lYiXel7SwnsKa8rBBAIgJ5alLEjk_V5SlAZHNWIHnTn3LaLKjLjoBQBhSIlco/s1600/52633402e8e44e88a0000183_danish-national-maritime-museum-big_sof-image-by-luca-santiago-mora-22_original.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlNObwqUcJ2nwmU0JoElC6tm68oECbXqvfPKV26vnM3VqdKvisJyVyKh01ImJ34gNOvFJ7gBBfFsmiM0lYiXel7SwnsKa8rBBAIgJ5alLEjk_V5SlAZHNWIHnTn3LaLKjLjoBQBhSIlco/s1600/52633402e8e44e88a0000183_danish-national-maritime-museum-big_sof-image-by-luca-santiago-mora-22_original.jpg" height="106" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHZlrGSpNAqvKTzDD7eF-0vBXK0FRXMbev28uL-MT7yptOFnbV4y9naD0ZrHGqhtgQxXW0lXM4A9-5PtoID6RLbCRwJT2OjvOvOCtFlX7FFx-bwqEKVy8wfFUjC_rN3GiD8Pxc4kHwkxI/s1600/52633414e8e44ee8e1000176_danish-national-maritime-museum-big_sof-image-by-luca-santiago-mora-number-11_original.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHZlrGSpNAqvKTzDD7eF-0vBXK0FRXMbev28uL-MT7yptOFnbV4y9naD0ZrHGqhtgQxXW0lXM4A9-5PtoID6RLbCRwJT2OjvOvOCtFlX7FFx-bwqEKVy8wfFUjC_rN3GiD8Pxc4kHwkxI/s1600/52633414e8e44ee8e1000176_danish-national-maritime-museum-big_sof-image-by-luca-santiago-mora-number-11_original.jpg" height="200" width="144" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiolVgh0sCgCPhlfa7mfBnL72whUjypjn5ZTd1s-ObVsiJmvCPqim6XUdGJwKEpa_uQ6xECpqEXnRh_iIyWJgWXMuGe7MYd4mxgLGgwwwD7w0eTdBBifIbl38FQ1VNdibDxWALUzKQQHBY/s1600/52633465e8e44e88a0000184_danish-national-maritime-museum-big_sof-image-by-rasmus-hjortshoj-18_original.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiolVgh0sCgCPhlfa7mfBnL72whUjypjn5ZTd1s-ObVsiJmvCPqim6XUdGJwKEpa_uQ6xECpqEXnRh_iIyWJgWXMuGe7MYd4mxgLGgwwwD7w0eTdBBifIbl38FQ1VNdibDxWALUzKQQHBY/s1600/52633465e8e44e88a0000184_danish-national-maritime-museum-big_sof-image-by-rasmus-hjortshoj-18_original.jpg" height="199" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsdj7YCNqg6Fy9mnTcmLp_0m6_VftvUGWhaQOHU4XbfHX11EG-ftrpgD9lPGPuN39KhUDDmoQFPSPBBCNiS9W9dTD9HLmcYN9OxJwJ9JSLhARv3VIeXfzkgiu-SO8MwzsFdaHHJwQ3Z_0/s1600/52633504e8e44ee8e100017b_danish-national-maritime-museum-big_section_02.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsdj7YCNqg6Fy9mnTcmLp_0m6_VftvUGWhaQOHU4XbfHX11EG-ftrpgD9lPGPuN39KhUDDmoQFPSPBBCNiS9W9dTD9HLmcYN9OxJwJ9JSLhARv3VIeXfzkgiu-SO8MwzsFdaHHJwQ3Z_0/s1600/52633504e8e44ee8e100017b_danish-national-maritime-museum-big_section_02.png" height="78" width="200" /></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">This bridge unites the old
and new as the visitors descend into the museum space overlooking the majestic
surroundings above and below ground. The long and noble history of the Danish
Maritime unfolds in a continuous motion within and around the dock, 7 meters
(23 ft.) below the ground. All floors – connecting exhibition spaces with the
auditorium, classroom, offices, café and the dock floor within the museum –
slope gently creating exciting and sculptural spaces.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 19.2pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Source: <a href="http://www.archdaily.com/440541/danish-national-maritime-museum-big/" target="_blank">Archdaily</a></span></div>
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PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-34918118513960140302014-11-18T13:55:00.000+06:002014-11-18T23:25:23.729+06:00Saint John Baptist Chapel <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZV__OvcVtmhMT7jrl6LmkO9z-0wQjsTl0Ph2tBOxqZhYgdRe-HdROVKZ7bcWjItX3P51REh76IxVRWoPGE3xmoNPSaJFeJSTjCiGoaC_NmY5asoWuFpU6-qje7uP8KbvYFFvMtczJZRw/s1600/520304b8e8e44e949b000137_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZV__OvcVtmhMT7jrl6LmkO9z-0wQjsTl0Ph2tBOxqZhYgdRe-HdROVKZ7bcWjItX3P51REh76IxVRWoPGE3xmoNPSaJFeJSTjCiGoaC_NmY5asoWuFpU6-qje7uP8KbvYFFvMtczJZRw/s1600/520304b8e8e44e949b000137_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_02.jpg" height="200" width="133" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF7rtuaTe5uBFJbNGclM28CsTgywD2aO20MoJdRxwEsBzzvXlp595KmCeKV5ty65HfubJXwSW-BK_gtE415vz5H5-9QUMFNUFQj0J34LtBmK6d_NsLOIlbg3DTzQ0eZYnMbMBH-mnMxvw/s1600/520304b6e8e44ebcd3000198_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF7rtuaTe5uBFJbNGclM28CsTgywD2aO20MoJdRxwEsBzzvXlp595KmCeKV5ty65HfubJXwSW-BK_gtE415vz5H5-9QUMFNUFQj0J34LtBmK6d_NsLOIlbg3DTzQ0eZYnMbMBH-mnMxvw/s1600/520304b6e8e44ebcd3000198_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_01.jpg" height="200" width="133" /></a>Architects: Alejandro Beautell<o:p></o:p></div>
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Location: Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain<o:p></o:p></div>
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Design Team: Jorge Díaz, Eloy Fernández<o:p></o:p></div>
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Client: Tenerife Bishopric<o:p></o:p></div>
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Area: 77.15 sqm<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Year:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong>2013<o:p></o:p></strong></span></div>
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<em><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">From the
architect.</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is
requested to draft a project for a building destined for the Catholic worship,
in the type of a chapel or an hermitage dedicated to Saint John the Baptist.
The temple, according to the requirements of the property, allows a capacity of
40 people and requires a liturgical celebration to be held there weekly. Due to
the current economic shortage, there is requested a building which will
optimize the available limited resources.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The proposed building
adapts to the shape of the plot and as a result of this adaptation a geometrically
uneven or scalene triangle is obtained. Therefore, the chapel is projected in a
plan view as a single volume in a triangular shape, with an access from the
opposite side of the acute angle of the triangle. This way, the space narrows
in the plan and starts to increase in the height, as we approach the altar
(from Latin, altare comes from altus “rise”), which constitutes the main
element of the temple.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW8iklXhDWPHviiM4uNMBnEOnPg7uyDK9Onybh4t_3x0s7SnGNq9tDVbEOBne5ceKYQlUIpv8vPVxWXvdGyJpf2fONkrykZXiQ6J95DJSzfTvJDdNxljGRmJ-h2BaJiAjyywnxJv1NGCA/s1600/520304cfe8e44efff2000188_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_detail_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW8iklXhDWPHviiM4uNMBnEOnPg7uyDK9Onybh4t_3x0s7SnGNq9tDVbEOBne5ceKYQlUIpv8vPVxWXvdGyJpf2fONkrykZXiQ6J95DJSzfTvJDdNxljGRmJ-h2BaJiAjyywnxJv1NGCA/s1600/520304cfe8e44efff2000188_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_detail_01.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbyFpteAEIxc_c_mZkWX_sMpzBYtaR63gLefq2F1FeuomBjAMXUGYvFkZlnZXN3ECPC6Mo9dUUYreFOa-ihpFLucCjgQG-V1phlUuPn67EBfXao-JWiLQdvN47jf6tbHEXd9GS7F_vkgU/s1600/520304c4e8e44efff2000187_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbyFpteAEIxc_c_mZkWX_sMpzBYtaR63gLefq2F1FeuomBjAMXUGYvFkZlnZXN3ECPC6Mo9dUUYreFOa-ihpFLucCjgQG-V1phlUuPn67EBfXao-JWiLQdvN47jf6tbHEXd9GS7F_vkgU/s1600/520304c4e8e44efff2000187_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_03.jpg" height="200" width="133" /></a><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">At the entrance, there
is situated a baptismal font, surrounded by banks, prepared for the celebration
of this sacrament. This space will also host people that will be standing
during the more populous celebrations. Further, there is located the assembly,
composed of four monolithic banks that emerge from the Gospel wall. The chancel
rises on a two-step platform and is naturally and laterally lit by a gap being
a result of the Epistle wall offset. In this mentioned wall, a Cross Via,
coumpound of 14 crosses recessed in the concrete, is being designed. On the
axis of the chancel, and in dominant position, the altar can be found together
with an ambo, situated on its left, on a lower level. The tabernacle is
available at the very end, aligned with the altar and set into a crack, that
forming a cross carved in the concrete, rises looking for the vertical. At this
point there is a significant overhead light input that describes the space.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNzF4KTI3Bi6K57RUiEF2E86hP2sTUegAwJGmstUpJcH7T-h2Y4y26lMATObjeCKBVD2JHWA8jEvXcfUB-G296l3FRgmvYgH08CntvKEQXrWaE32vFdyRm5qCZObCj_TuYPvIXcJiIhn8/s1600/520304f4e8e44e949b00013b_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_detail_06.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNzF4KTI3Bi6K57RUiEF2E86hP2sTUegAwJGmstUpJcH7T-h2Y4y26lMATObjeCKBVD2JHWA8jEvXcfUB-G296l3FRgmvYgH08CntvKEQXrWaE32vFdyRm5qCZObCj_TuYPvIXcJiIhn8/s1600/520304f4e8e44e949b00013b_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_detail_06.jpg" height="200" width="150" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfS3jcclkHkclhemSsM8DWIHCqoNUGc6IDJ1qUdaeEKzR_YeS0lA8wXahiGjyilcYpsgVg81EsjahUmMjk2w-USkqxW54aaxpAeLrmtVYQyYUliKoxdLs_aSQ5xBzXKpO5KlDaF6yfj_s/s1600/5203050be8e44e949b00013c_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfS3jcclkHkclhemSsM8DWIHCqoNUGc6IDJ1qUdaeEKzR_YeS0lA8wXahiGjyilcYpsgVg81EsjahUmMjk2w-USkqxW54aaxpAeLrmtVYQyYUliKoxdLs_aSQ5xBzXKpO5KlDaF6yfj_s/s1600/5203050be8e44e949b00013c_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_10.jpg" height="126" width="200" /></a><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Considering the
materials, the construction presents an austerity, the simplicity of the used
materials and the use of resources such as natural lighting, provide the building
with the desirable ascetic caracter. Following this above, the concrete, in
contrast to the rough plaster finishes to “tiroliana” (made of crushed volcanic
stones from the island), together with the interaction of light on them,
constitute the material aspect of the project. And so then, it is prescribed to
use smoothed concrete for the floor of the nave, aggregate concrete for the
volume of the chancel, and granulated exposed concrete for the background of
the altar or the altarpiece and the wall of the Epistle; the granulated
concrete will be lighter on parts that form the cross. The door it is made of
steel structure hidden under sheets of the same material, with large steel
handles cruciforms infront, and recycled wood panels inside.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_vPxDqyxaDvxuga7PiCPfijrLWvMaJqVItluBxQoHp-VjGb6C_bvto5zKNaDv6kaY5rbPmqXB3RrFng5nfn_abvitcobivZdNnd-s8XzBj-x_eLzvGQ4l2NULjRgy_lVFCaSmVbIN1ok/s1600/52030939e8e44ebcd300019f_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_elev_-4-.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_vPxDqyxaDvxuga7PiCPfijrLWvMaJqVItluBxQoHp-VjGb6C_bvto5zKNaDv6kaY5rbPmqXB3RrFng5nfn_abvitcobivZdNnd-s8XzBj-x_eLzvGQ4l2NULjRgy_lVFCaSmVbIN1ok/s1600/52030939e8e44ebcd300019f_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_elev_-4-.png" height="99" width="200" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAuoJTfwHZhBODNXVQL3zsxkhasDBYlHiUezuGeaXsyC_UZlFpeypvTpdT2lEXPgqwZu85-pu52TndH7ccRhOQxclUXnOj4Wnoey-Lo-Ck45Ko-mH2XIHnGi-WaeNWVZN_ELvQZHRoqaM/s1600/5203092ce8e44efff200018b_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_elev_-2-.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAuoJTfwHZhBODNXVQL3zsxkhasDBYlHiUezuGeaXsyC_UZlFpeypvTpdT2lEXPgqwZu85-pu52TndH7ccRhOQxclUXnOj4Wnoey-Lo-Ck45Ko-mH2XIHnGi-WaeNWVZN_ELvQZHRoqaM/s1600/5203092ce8e44efff200018b_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_elev_-2-.png" height="132" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmLjUK0RUDQ5e-Ht6W_3O4HaW5RsOeUGdmeypkH_rS6hA1PhAz284qi0aar9W53ZnpR5dTvKxaRrkO5EvMz4v7T5PLzXB9hxc5yQFFCUyK2IBk_mABe3DSQqDbjsHGhKQddyjqWMnBHcI/s1600/5203092de8e44e949b00013e_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_section2.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmLjUK0RUDQ5e-Ht6W_3O4HaW5RsOeUGdmeypkH_rS6hA1PhAz284qi0aar9W53ZnpR5dTvKxaRrkO5EvMz4v7T5PLzXB9hxc5yQFFCUyK2IBk_mABe3DSQqDbjsHGhKQddyjqWMnBHcI/s1600/5203092de8e44e949b00013e_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_section2.png" height="200" width="175" /></a><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The triangle or trine
is a polygon defined by three vertices that in the Christian tradition
symbolizes the Mystery of the Holy Trinity – one God in three persons. Each of
the vertices is part of the triangle, representing the mystery of God itself:
Father, Son and Holy Spirit. So the triangle becomes a leitmotiv of the
project. The altar is placed in the most acute angle of the triangle and its
bisector constitutes the main axis of the temple. This axis will cover the
various stages of the life of a Christian, beginning with baptism, then
becoming a part of the assembly and finishing in the communion of the heavenly
banquet. Therefore, the baptismal font, the altar, the tabernacle and the cross
are aligned, as a metaphor of the line of life.</span><br />
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMASOips6nzRJS75btwPVS3z90uAxD6KH_u6Dn3eYuEvqVIrcwcMuo8MtFwHQ__5XvQpKcvBx_NIwjZ8Sm1AfyV16TWHcMknMlyOIvmYvMdB9hdcfh5GCCM-N7y122xIw6OkbQ7IzV7AY/s1600/52030949e8e44efff200018d_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_section.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMASOips6nzRJS75btwPVS3z90uAxD6KH_u6Dn3eYuEvqVIrcwcMuo8MtFwHQ__5XvQpKcvBx_NIwjZ8Sm1AfyV16TWHcMknMlyOIvmYvMdB9hdcfh5GCCM-N7y122xIw6OkbQ7IzV7AY/s1600/52030949e8e44efff200018d_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_section.png" height="98" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxthhIP4dHhWGLabHOh0qohppvP8_HeAzaBhPdiVp33sAvJOnYz40oYG7VNqfh6t4zI6tGNM8G8L_pUek8YVip8_SsGCgvYO8ETxMFK3BB4pWYGVDmDhZhYcTTTBgRBliEo0lnEU_kOpo/s1600/5203093ae8e44efff200018c_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_elev_-3-.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxthhIP4dHhWGLabHOh0qohppvP8_HeAzaBhPdiVp33sAvJOnYz40oYG7VNqfh6t4zI6tGNM8G8L_pUek8YVip8_SsGCgvYO8ETxMFK3BB4pWYGVDmDhZhYcTTTBgRBliEo0lnEU_kOpo/s1600/5203093ae8e44efff200018c_saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell_elev_-3-.png" height="82" width="200" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Helvetica","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">source : <a href="http://www.archdaily.com/413374/saint-john-baptist-chapel-alejandro-beautell/" target="_blank">Archdaily</a></span></div>
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PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-31723022014237664392014-08-01T15:19:00.001+06:002014-08-01T15:51:05.095+06:00THE TAJ MAHAL ARCHITECTURE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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For more about Taz Mahal<br />
<a href="http://archgeom.blogspot.com/2010/03/golden-section-in-taj-mahal.html">ArchGeom: GOLDEN SECTION IN THE TAJ MAHAL ARCHITECTURE</a></div>
PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-51281005431373215302014-07-22T13:42:00.001+06:002014-07-22T13:51:59.320+06:00Human Perception & Reaction to Sound (Visual & Sonic)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Hearing is one of the major senses and like vision is important for distant warning and communication.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. It can be used to alert, to communicate pleasure and fear.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. It is a conscious appreciation of vibration perceived as sound. In order to do this, the appropriate signal must reach higher parts of the brain.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://adf.ly/qUyry" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>PDF</b></span></a></span></div>
PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-81272644505067727132014-07-22T13:35:00.002+06:002014-07-22T13:36:41.717+06:00Human Perception and Reaction to Light (Visual & Sonic)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Most of the information we receive about the world around us is through our eyes. Light is not only an essential prerequisite but also the medium by which we are able to see.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Through its intensity, it is distributed throughout a space and through its properties, light creates specific conditions which can influence our perception.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://adf.ly/qUxem" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>PDF</b></span></a></span></div>
PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-16626676087971903872014-07-22T13:21:00.000+06:002014-07-22T13:21:45.959+06:00Historical Developoment of Acoustics (Visual & Sonic)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The earliest meeting places were probably no more than conveniently situated open areas. Their form was whatever existed in nature and their suitability to purpose was haphazard.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As the need arose to address large groups for entertainment or other purposes, it became apparent that concentric circles brought the greatest number of people close to the central area.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Since the human voice is directional and intelligibility decreases as the listener moves off axis, seating arrangements were defined by the vocal polar pattern and developed naturally, as people sought locations yielding the best audibility.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://adf.ly/qUwgS" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>PDF</b></span></a></span></div>
PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-88433172423543699172014-07-22T12:57:00.002+06:002014-07-22T13:02:29.609+06:00Historical Response of Lighting (Visual & Sonic)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Throughout most of architectural history, daylight has been the primary source of light, supplemented by burned fuels. In addition to illumination, daylight has been symbolic of cleanliness, purity, knowledge, and heaven.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Generally speaking, in climates where daylight is plentiful and predictably bright, architects have responded by decreasing opening sizes or using a diffusing medium in the openings (grilles, and translucent or tinted glazing).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To a remarkable degree, past architecture tended to admit light only where it was wanted. Windows and roof openings were given special prominence within the structure. As a result, there were rather great changes in light levels within a building. Usually the presence of openings and correspondingly bright areas signified that a special "event" occurred within that region.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://adf.ly/qUuz8" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>PDF</b></span></a></span></div>
PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-80738109115093125262014-07-22T12:33:00.001+06:002014-07-22T12:33:18.390+06:00Basic Of Acoustics (Visual & Sonic)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Good architectural acoustics does not happen by accident, and some appreciation of the nature of sound and the principles of acoustics is important for creating a satisfactory acoustical environment.</span><br />
<a href="http://adf.ly/qUtMd" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">PDF</span></a></div>
PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-82441937451476745152014-07-22T12:24:00.004+06:002014-07-22T12:33:40.789+06:00Basic Of Light (Visual & Sonic)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sensitive designers have always understood that what we see in a consequence of both the quality of physical design and the quality of light falling on it.</span><br />
<a href="http://adf.ly/qUsnD" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">PDF</span></a></div>
PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-6795863005859849772014-07-22T12:16:00.004+06:002014-07-22T12:33:58.312+06:00Acoustics and Lighting in Architecture (Visual & Sonic)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; line-height: 21px;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Lighting in Architecture</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">Architecture is the masterly, correct and magnificent play of masses brought together in light.</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;"> Our eyes are made to see forms in light; light and shade reveal these forms; cubes, cones, spheres, cylinders or pyramids are the great primary forms which light reveals to advantage; the image of these is distinct and tangible within us without ambiguity. It is for this reason that these are </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">beautiful forms, the most beautiful forms.-------Le Corbusier</i></span><br />
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PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-41481778725687847832014-07-21T02:04:00.001+06:002014-07-21T02:07:26.150+06:00Architecture (Teaching)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">Architects are Teachers by default.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"><span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">If you are a good Architect; you will become
a good teacher.</span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;">
</span><span style="font-family: Arial; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.38in;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;">Only thing you need to know is some
techniques and methods, then accordingly develop your skill in this field!</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-indent: -0.38in;"><a href="http://adf.ly/qSkgJ" target="_blank">Architectural Teaching</a></span><br />
<a href="http://adf.ly/qSkgJ" target="_blank">Architecture</a></div>
</span></div>
</div>
PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-11753874073119560382014-07-20T14:09:00.001+06:002014-07-20T14:09:20.670+06:00VILLA SHODHAN- Le Corbusier<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
In the spring Le Corbusier was commissioned to design a museum, mill owener’s assosiation building, restrained house for Mrs. Manorama Sarabhai & the Mayor’s residence at Ahmedabad.<br />
<a href="http://adf.ly/qRtCQ" target="_blank">Villa Shodhan</a><br />
<a href="http://adf.ly/qRxwU" target="_blank">Villa Shodhan pdf</a></div>
PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-26852998758741206372014-07-20T12:11:00.001+06:002014-07-20T12:11:52.373+06:00Proportion (architecture) 02<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitruvian proportion<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitruvius
described as the principal source of proportion among the orders the proportion
of the human figure. .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg" title=""Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg" "><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg/300px-Da_Vinci_Vitruve_Luc_Viatour.jpg" border="0" height="408" src="file:///C:/Users/PANTHA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5" width="300" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According to Leonardo's notes in the
accompanying text, written in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_writing" title="Mirror writing"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mirror writing</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, it was made as a study of the
proportions of the (male) human body as described in a treatise by the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ancient Roman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect" title="Architect"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">architect</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitruvius</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, who wrote that in the human body:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_(unit)" title="Palm (unit)"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">palm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is the width of four fingers or
three inches <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">foot</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is the width of four palms and is
36 fingers or 12 inches <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cubit</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
is the width of six palms <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a man's height is four cubits and 24
palms <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a pace is four cubits or five feet <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the length of a man's outspread arms
is equal to his height <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the distance from the hairline to
the bottom of the chin is one-tenth of a man's height <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the distance from the top of the
head to the bottom of the chin is one-eighth of a man's height <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the maximum width of the shoulders
is a quarter of a man's height <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the distance from the elbow to the
tip of the hand is one-fifth of a man's height <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the distance from the elbow to the
armpit is one-eighth of a man's height <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the length of the hand is one-tenth
of a man's height <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the distance from the bottom of the
chin to the nose is one-third of the length of the head <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the distance from the hairline to
the eyebrows is one-third of the length of the face <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">the length of the ear is one-third
of the length of the face <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Leonardo is clearly illustrating
Vitruvius' </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura"><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">De architectura</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
3.1.3 which reads: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-left: 55.2pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The navel is naturally placed in the centre of the human
body, and, if in a man lying with his face upward, and his hands and feet
extended, from his navel as the centre, a circle be described, it will touch
his fingers and toes. It is not alone by a circle, that the human body is thus
circumscribed, as may be seen by placing it within a square. For measuring from
the feet to the crown of the head, and then across the arms fully extended, we
find the latter measure equal to the former; so that lines at right angles to
each other, enclosing the figure, will form a square.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Though
he was certainly aware of the work of Pythagoras, it does not appear that he
took the harmonic divisions of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave" title="Octave"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">octave</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> as being relevant to the
disposition of form, preferring simpler whole-number ratios to describe
proportions. However, beyond the writings of Vitruvius, it seems likely that
the ancient Greeks and Romans would occasionally use proportions derived from
the golden ratio (most famously, in the Parthenon of Athens), and the
Pythagorean divisions of the octave. These are found in the Rhynd papyrus 16.
Care should be taken in reading too much into this, however, while simple
geometric transformations can quite readily produce these proportions, the Egyptian
were quite good at expressing arithmetic and geometric series as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_fractions" title="Unit fractions"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">unit fractions</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
While, it is possible that the originators of the design may not have been
aware of the particular proportions they were generating as they worked, it's
more likely that the methods of construction using diagonals and curves would
have taught them something.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Biblical proportions of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solomons_temple&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Solomons temple (page does not exist)"><span style="color: #cc2200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Solomons temple</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
caught the attention of both architects and scientists, who from a very early
time began incorporating them into the architecture of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedrals" title="Cathedrals"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cathedrals</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and other </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_geometry" title="Sacred geometry"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sacred geometry</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Regarding
the Pythagorean divisions of the octave mentioned above, these are a set of
whole number ratios (based on core ratios of 1:2 (octave), 2:3 (fifth) and 3:4
(fourth)) which form the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning" title="Pythagorean tuning"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pythagorean tuning</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. These proportions were thought to have a recognisable
harmonic significance, regardless of whether they were perceived visually or
auditorially, reflecting the Pythagorean idea that all things were numbers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Renaissance_orders"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Renaissance
orders<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Renaissance tried to extract and codify the system of proportions in the orders
as used by the ancients, believing that with analysis a mathematically absolute
ideal of beauty would emerge. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brunelleschi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in particular studied interactions of perspective with the
perception of proportion (as understood by the ancients). This focus on the
perception of harmony was somewhat of a break from the Pythagorean ideal of
numbers controlling all things.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Leonardo
da Vinci's </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitruvian Man</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is an example of a Renaissance codification of the
Vitruvian view of the proportions of man. Divina proportione took the idea of
the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">golden ratio</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and introduced it to the Renaissance architects. Both </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Palladio</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leone_Battista_Alberti" title="Leone Battista Alberti"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alberti</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> produced proportional systems for classically-based
architecture.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alberti's
system was based on the Pythagorean divisions of the octave. It grouped the
small whole-number proportions into 3 groups, short (1:1, 2:3, 3:4), medium
(1:2, 4:9, 9:16) and long (1:3, 3:8, 1:4).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Palladio's
system was based on similar proportions with the addition of the square root of
2 into the mix. 1:1, 1:1.414..., 3:4, 2:3, 3:5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
work of de </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Fr%C3%A9art_de_Chambray" title="Roland Fréart de Chambray"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chambray</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Desgodetz" title="Antoine Desgodetz"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Desgodetz</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Perrault" title="Charles Perrault"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perrault</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> eventually demonstrated that classical buildings had
reference to standards of proportion that came directly from the original sense
of the word geometry, the measure of the earth and its division into degrees,
miles, stadia, cords, rods, paces, yards, feet, hands, palms and fingers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Le_modulor"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Le modulor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Based
on apparently arbitrary proportions of an "ideal man" (possibly </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Le Corbusier</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
himself) combined with the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">golden ratio</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvian_Man" title="Vitruvian Man"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitruvian Man</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulor" title="Modulor"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Le Modulor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> was never popularly adopted among architects, but the
system's graphic of the stylised man with one upraised arm is widely recognised
and powerful. The modulor is not well suited to introduce proportion and
pattern into architecture (Langhein, 2005), to improve its form qualities
(gestalt pragnance) and introduce shape grammar in design in building.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-29700697141509126172014-07-20T12:07:00.003+06:002014-07-20T15:24:22.194+06:00Proportion (architecture) 01<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="top"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Proportion (architecture)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">From
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proportion</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is the relation between elements and a whole.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 26.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proportion is a correspondence
among the measures of the members of an entire work, and of the whole to a
certain part selected as standard. From this result the principles of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">symmetry</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Without symmetry and proportion there can be no principles in the design of
any temple; that is, if there is no precise relation between its members as
in the case of those of a well shaped man. —</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitruvius</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,<u> </u></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_architectura" title="De architectura"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Ten Books of Architecture</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (III, Ch. 1)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #b2b7f2; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 27.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A Fibonacci spiral, created by
drawing arcs connecting the opposite corners of squares in the Fibonacci tiling
shown above – see </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_spiral" title="Golden spiral"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">golden spiral</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A tiling with squares whose sides
are successive Fibonacci numbers in length<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Architectural_proportions"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Architectural
proportions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">architecture</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
the whole is not just a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building" title="Building"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">building</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> but the set and setting of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site" title="Site"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">site</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The things that make a building and its site "well
shaped" include the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation" title="Orientation"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">orientation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
of the site and the buildings on it to the features of the grounds on which it
is situated. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light" title="Light"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Light</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shade" title="Shade"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">shade</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind" title="Wind"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">wind</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">elevation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, choice of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials" title="Materials"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">materials</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
all should relate to a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard" title="Standard"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">standard</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and say what is it that makes it what it is, and what is it
that makes it not something else.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitruvius
thought of proportion in terms of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_fractions" title="Unit fractions"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">unit fractions</span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">such
as those used in the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_order" title="Classical order"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Greek Orders of Architecture</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orders of Architecture<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Scribes
had been using unit fractions for their calculations at least since the time of
the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Mathematical_Leather_Roll" title="Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Egyptian
Mathematical Leather Roll</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhind_Mathematical_Papyrus" title="Rhind Mathematical Papyrus"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rhind
Mathematical Papyrus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in Egypt and the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Epic of Gilgamesh</span></a> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in Mesopotamia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One
example of symmetry might be found in the inscription grids</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">of the Egyptians which were based on parts of the body and
their symmetrical relation to each other, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingers" title="Fingers"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fingers</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_(unit)" title="Palm (unit)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">palms</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hands" title="Hands"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hands</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot" title="Foot"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">feet</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubits" title="Cubits"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cubits</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, etc; Multiples of body proportions would be found in the
arrangements of fields and in the buildings people lived in. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A
cubit could be divided into fingers, palms, hands and so could a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot" title="Foot"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">foot</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, or a multiple of a foot. Special units related to feet as
the hypotenuse of a 3/4/5 triangle with one side a foot were named </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remen" title="Remen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">remen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and introduced into the proportional system very early on. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curves" title="Curves"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Curves</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> were also defined in a similar manner and used by
architects in their design of arches and other building elements.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These
proportional elements were used by the Persians, Greeks, Phoenicians and
Romans, in laying out cities, stadiums, roads, processional ways, public
buildings, ports, various areas for crops and grazing beasts of burden, so as
to arrange the city as well as the building to be well proportioned, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Architectural
practice has often used proportional systems to generate or constrain the forms
considered suitable for inclusion in a building. In almost every building
tradition there is a system of mathematical relations which governs the
relationships between aspects of the design. These systems of proportion are
often quite simple; whole number ratios or easily constructed geometric shapes
(such as the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesica_piscis" title="Vesica piscis"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">vesica piscis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> or the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">golden ratio</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Generally
the goal of a proportional system is to produce a sense of coherence and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">harmony</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> among the
elements of a building.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Sacred_proportions"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sacred proportions<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Among
the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cistercians</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gothic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Renaissance</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Egyptian</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic" title="Semitic"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semitic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian" title="Babylonian"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Babylonian</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" title="Arab"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arab</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Greek</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecture" title="Roman architecture"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Roman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> traditions; the harmonic proportions, human proportions,
cosmological/astronomical proportions and orientations, and various aspects of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_geometry" title="Sacred geometry"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sacred geometry</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
(the vesica piscis), </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pentagram</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">golden ratio</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and small whole-number ratios) were all applied as part of
the practice of architectural design.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChartresWestEndDB407.jpg" title=""West end of Chartres" "><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255); margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">West end of Chartres<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
the design of European cathedrals the necessary engineering to keep the
structures from falling down gradually began to take precedence over or at
least to have an influence on aesthetic proportions. Other concerns were
symbolic astronomical references such as the towers of the Sun and Moon at </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chartres</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and
references to the various </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrological" title="Astrological"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">astrological</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemical" title="Alchemical"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">alchemical</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
relationships being discovered by the natural </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophers" title="Philosophers"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">philosophers</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sage" title="Sage"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sages</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">renaissance</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Roman Mille passus became the Myle of medieval western Europe and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_archs&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Roman archs (page does not exist)"><span style="color: #cc2200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Roman archs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and
architecture while the mia chillioi influenced eastern Europe and its </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gothic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch" title="Arch"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">arches</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and architecture. Today in the Western hemisphere the foot
is longer than the foote because of the researches of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo" title="Galileo"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Galileo</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Mouton" title="Gabriel Mouton"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gabriel Mouton</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton" title="Newton"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Newton</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and
others into the period of a seconds </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum" title="Pendulum"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pendulum</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One
aspect of proportional systems is to make them as universally applicable as
possible, not just to one application but as a universal ideal statement of the
proper proportions. There is a relationship between length and width and
height; between length and area and between area and volume. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doors" title="Doors"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Doors</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window" title="Window"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Windows</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> are fenestrated. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenestration" title="Fenestration"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fenestration</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
is important so that the negative area of openings has a relation to the area
of walls. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plans" title="Plans"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plans</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> are
reflected in sections and elevations. Themes are developed which spin off and
relate to but expand upon the themes found in other buildings. Often there is a
symbolic </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_geometry" title="Sacred geometry"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sacred geometry</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> which goes outside the proportions of the building to
relate to the oservations of the beauty of nature and its proportions in time
and space and the elements of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">natural philosophy</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Then
it occurred to someone that there is more to it than just pleasing proportions.
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Thomas Jefferson</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> wrote of how the substantive </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">scale</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_buildings" title="Public buildings"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">public buildings</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
made a statement of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">government</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability" title="Stability"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">stability</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and gave a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation" title="Nation"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nation</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> consequence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Going
back in time the same logic applied to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramids_of_Egypt" title="Pyramids of Egypt"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pyramids of Egypt</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hanging
Gardens of Babylon</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_Temple" title="Mortuary Temple"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mortuary Temple</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
of Hatshepset, the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Solomon" title="Temple of Solomon"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temple of Solomon</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Treasury</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens" title="Athens"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Athens</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parthenon</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedrals" title="Cathedrals"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cathedrals</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mosques</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate" title="Corporate"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Corporate</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towers" title="Towers"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Towers</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. The </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino" title="Casino"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Casinos</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" title="Las Vegas, Nevada"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Las Vegas</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater" title="Underwater"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">underwater</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotels" title="Hotels"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hotels</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dubai</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> are all competing to be the tallest, the biggest, the
brightest, the most exciting to get international trade to come there and do
business. In other words the modern business ethos is to be out of proportion,
overscaling all the competition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Part
of the practice of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">feng shui</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is a proportional system based on the double tatami mat.
Feng Shui also includes within it the ideas of cosmic orientation and ordering,
as do most systems of "Sacred Proportions".<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Harmony_and_proportion_as_sacred_geometr"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harmony
and proportion as sacred geometry<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Going
back to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean" title="Pythagorean"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pythagoreans</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> there is an idea that proportions should be related to
standards and that the more general and formulaic the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standards" title="Standards"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">standards</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
the better. This idea that there should be beauty and elegance evidenced by a
skillful composition of well understood elements underlies mathematics in
general and in a sense all the architectural modulors of design as well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
idea is that </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildings" title="Buildings"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">buildings</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> should </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">scale</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> down to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensions" title="Dimensions"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dimensions</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
humans can relate to and scale up through distances humans can travel as a
procession of revelations which may sometimes invoke </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closure" title="Closure"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">closure</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, or
glimpses of views that go beyond any encompassing </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framework" title="Framework"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">framework</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and thus suggest to the observer that there is something more besides, invoking
wonder and awe.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
classical standards are a series of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paired_opposites" title="Paired opposites"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">paired opposites</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
designed to expand the dimensional constraints of the harmony and proportion.
In the Greek ideal Vitruvius addresses they are </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity" title="Similarity"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">similarity</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference" title="Difference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">difference</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion" title="Motion"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">motion</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rest" title="Rest"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rest</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number" title="Number"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">number</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence" title="Sequence"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sequence</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence" title="Consequence"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">consequence</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">These
are incorporated in good architectural design as philosophical categorization;
what similarity is of the essence that makes it what it is, and what difference
is it that makes it not something else? Is the size of a column or an arch
related just to the structural load it bears or more broadly to the presence
and purpose of the space itself?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
standard of motion originally referred to encompassing change but has now been
expanded to buildings whose kinetic mechanisms may actually determine change
depend upon harmonies of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind" title="Wind"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">wind</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">humidity</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">temperature</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound" title="Sound"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sound</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light" title="Light"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">light</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_of_day" title="Time of day"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">time of day</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night" title="Night"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">night</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and previous </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycles" title="Cycles"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cycles</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change" title="Change"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">change</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
stability victim of inflicted madness is questionable </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural" title="Architectural"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">architectural</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard" title="Standard"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">standard</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of the
universal set of proportions references the totality of the built environment
so that even as it changes it does so in an ongoing and continuous process that
can be </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure" title="Measure"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">measured</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weigh" title="Weigh"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">weighed</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judged" title="Judged"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">judged</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> as to its orderly harmony.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_geometry" title="Sacred geometry"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sacred geometry</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
has the same </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">arrangement</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of elements found in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">compositions</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music" title="Music"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">music</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and nature at its finest incorporating </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light" title="Light"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">light</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow" title="Shadow"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">shadow</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound" title="Sound"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sound</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence" title="Silence"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">silence</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texture" title="Texture"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">texture</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothness" title="Smoothness"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">smoothness</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass" title="Mass"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mass</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and airy </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">lightness</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
as in a forest glade where the leaves move gently on the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind" title="Wind"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">wind</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> or a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkle" title="Sparkle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sparkle</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">metal</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> catches the eye as a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple" title="Ripple"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ripple</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">water</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> on a pond.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Classical_orders"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Classical orders<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hephaistos.temple.AC.02.jpg" title=""Temple of Hephaestus" "><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hephaistos.temple.AC.02.jpg" title=""Temple of Hephaestus""
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temple of Hephaestus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_order" title="Classical order"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">classical orders</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> here illustrated by the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temple of Hephaestus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in Athens, showing columns with Doric capitals are largely
known through the writings of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitruvius</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
particularly <i>De Archetura</i> (The Ten Books of Architecture) and studies of
classical architecture by Renaissance architects and historians. Within a
classical order elements from the positioning of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyph" title="Triglyph"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">triglyphs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
to the overall height and width of the building were controlled by principles
of proportionality based on column diameters. Typically </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ionic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> column
bases are molded and about 1/2 the diameter of the column. They reduce in
detail from the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temple of Artemis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ephesus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> built c 560 BC and the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraion_of_Samos" title="Heraion of Samos"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Heraion of Samos</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
c 550 BC to elongated detail in the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple" title="Temple"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temple</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena" title="Athena"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Athena</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> c 535 BC, then begin to soften their lines in the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temple of Nike at Apteros</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> c 342 BC and begin to emphasise circular rounds in the
north porch of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erechteum" title="Erechteum"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Erechteum</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> c 421 BC. This establishes the elements of the form which
remains virtually unchanged through the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Portunus" title="Temple of Portunus"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temple of Fortuna</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> c 40 BC, the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baths_of_Diocletian" title="Baths of Diocletian"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baths of Diocletian</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> AD 306, and the classical Greek orders of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Andrea Palladio</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
in the 16th century. Long before the Greeks international trade and commerce
led to standardization of units and the facilitation of calculations in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_fractions" title="Unit fractions"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">unit fractions</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
throughout the civilized world. In architectural terms, the dimensions of
structural elements like </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post" title="Post"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">posts</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">beams</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column" title="Column"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">columns</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch" title="Arch"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">arches</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening" title="Opening"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">openings</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenestration" title="Fenestration"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fenestrations</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
constructed of wood and stone were slowly standardized as regards the expected </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_load" title="Structural load"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">load</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Span_(architecture)" title="Span (architecture)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">span</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> so that a given dimension could support a given load
without </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure" title="Failure"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">failure</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By
way of contrast to the elongated Ionic order, Doric orders never became so
slender as to require a base but do have entasis as the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column" title="Column"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">column</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> shaft tapered upwards like a degree of the Earth's surface.
The column shafts of the Doric order are always </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute" title="Flute"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fluted</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and twenty flutes is the usual number. The column </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">capital</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> has an </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">abacus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> square in plan and a rounded </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinus" title="Echinus"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">echinus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> which
supports it. The Doric entablature has a deep plain </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">architrave</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
large </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglyph" title="Triglyph"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Triglyphs</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
in the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">frieze</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and a
series of mutles in the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cornice</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sloping as the roof rafters of a wooden structure. The
greatest change in the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentil" title="Dentil"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dentiled</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entablature" title="Entablature"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">entablature</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> from Ionic through </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order" title="Corinthian order"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Corinthian</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
is in the addition of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">frieze</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and scrolled </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modillion" title="Modillion"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">modillions</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyma" title="Cyma"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cyma</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in
Corinthian styles.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
proportions of entablature to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet" title="Parapet"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">parapet</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> remain
the same at 2:2 in all styles as do the proportions of cap, die and base at
1/4:1:3/4 in the parapet. In all styles the Cornice has the proportion of 3/4
but the frieze and architrave vary from 3/4:1/2 in the Doric style to 5/8:5/8
in the Ionic and Corinthian styles. Capitals are 1/2 in all styles except
Corinthian which is 3/4. The shaft width is always 5/6 at the top. Column shaft
heights are Tuscan 7, Doric 8, Ionic 9 and Corinthian 10. Column bases are
always 1/2. In the Pedestal, caps are always 1/4, dies are 8/6 and bases are
3/4. In the quarter of the column entasis, Tuscan styles are 9/4, Doric are
10/4, Ionic are 11/4 and Corinthian columns are 12/4.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Having
established the column proportions we move on to its arcade which may be
regular with a single element at a spacing of 3 3/4 D, coupled with two
elements at 1 1/3 D spaced 5 D, or alternating at 3 3/4 spaced 6 1/4 D.
Variations include adding a series of arches between column cap and entablature
in the Renaissance style </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">arcade</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, adding a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_(architecture)" title="Keystone (architecture)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">keystone</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archivolt" title="Archivolt"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">archivolt</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
in the Roman style arcade, and adding more detail in the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladian" title="Palladian"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Palladian</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
arcade. Exterior door widths W, have trim 1/5 W for exterior doors and 1/6 W
for interior doors. Door heights a re 1 D less than column heights. Anciently
if a door is two cubits or between 36" and 42" in width, then its
trim is between a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fist" title="Fist"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fist</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Span_(length)" title="Span (length)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">span</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in width.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Proportioned_vs_dimensioned_modules"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proportioned
vs dimensioned modules<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Greek classical orders are all </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportion" title="Proportion"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">proportioned</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
rather than </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension" title="Dimension"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dimensioned</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> or measured modules and this is because the earliest </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module" title="Module"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">modules</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> were not based on body parts and their spans, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger" title="Finger"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fingers</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_(unit)" title="Palm (unit)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">palm (unit)s</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand" title="Hand"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hands</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(length)" title="Foot (length)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">feet</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remen" title="Remen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">remen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cubits</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ell" title="Ell"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ells</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yard" title="Yard"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yards</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace" title="Pace"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">paces</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fathoms</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> which became standardized for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brick" title="Brick"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bricks</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">boards</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, before the time of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Greeks</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, but rather </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column" title="Column"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">column</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diameters" title="Diameters"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">diameters</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and the widths of arcades and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenestration" title="Fenestration"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fenestrations</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Typically
one set of column diameter modules used for casework and architectural </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molding" title="Molding"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">moldings</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> by the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Egyptians</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Romans</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" title="England"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">English</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is based on the proportions of the palm and the finger,
while another less delicate module used for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door" title="Door"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">door</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window" title="Window"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">window</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> trim, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile" title="Tile"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tile</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> work, and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofing" title="Roofing"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">roofing</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mesopotamia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Greece</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is based
on the proportions of the hand and the thumb. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board" title="Board"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Board</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> modules tend to round down for planing and finishing while </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">masonry</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tends to
round down for </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mortar</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabric" title="Fabric"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fabric</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">carpet</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and rugs tend to be manufactured in feet, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yards" title="Yards"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">yards</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ells" title="Ells"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ells</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
Palladian or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Greek
Revival architecture</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> as in </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_classic_revival&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Jefferson classic revival (page does not exist)"><span style="color: #cc2200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jefferson classic revival</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
modern modular dimensional systems based on the golden ratio and other pleasing
proportional and dimensional relationships begin to influence the design as
with the modules of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volute" title="Volute"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">volute</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. One interface between proportion and dimension is the
Egyptian inscription grid. Grid </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinate" title="Coordinate"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">coordinates</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
can be used for things like unit </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_and_run&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Rise and run (page does not exist)"><span style="color: #cc2200; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rise and run</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
architectural </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot" title="Foot"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">foot</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> as a
reference to the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">human body</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> was incorporated in architectural standards in Mesopotamia,
Egypt, Greece, Rome and Europe. Common multiples of a foot in buildings tend to
be decimal or octal and this affects the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular" title="Modular"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">modulars</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> used in
Building materials. Elsewhere it is a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple" title="Multiple"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">multiple</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of palms,
hands and fingers which are the primary referents. Feet were usually divided
into palms or hands, multiples of which were also </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remen" title="Remen"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">remen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cubits</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
first known foot referenced as a standard was from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumer</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, where a </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod" title="Rod"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rod</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> at the feet of a statue of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gudea</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lagash</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> from around </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2575_BC" title="2575 BC"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2575 BC</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is
divided into a foot and other units. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Egyptian</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> foot units have the same length as Mesopotamian foot units,
but are divided into palms rather than hands converting the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional" title="Proportional"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">proportional</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
divisions from </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexagesimal" title="Sexagesimal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sexagesimal</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> to </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septenary" title="Septenary"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">septenary</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> units. In both cases feet are further subdivided into </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digits" title="Digits"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">digits</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ancient Greece</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, there are several different foot standards generally
referred to in the literature as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short" title="Short"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">short</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median" title="Median"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">median</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long" title="Long"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">long</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> which give rise to different </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">architectural styles</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> known as </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order" title="Ionic order"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ionic</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Doric</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> in
discussions of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_order" title="Classical order"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">classical orders</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of architecture. The </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Roman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> foot or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pes" title="Pes"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pes</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is divided into digitus, uncia and palmus which are
incorporated into the Corinthian style.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: rgb(248, 252, 255);">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some
of the earliest records of the use of the foot come from the Persian Gulf
bordered by </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">India</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meluhha</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">), </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pakistan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beluchistan" title="Beluchistan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beluchistan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman" title="Oman"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Makkan),
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Iran</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Iraq</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kuwait</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahrain</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilmun</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">), the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">United Arab Emirates</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saudi Arabia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
where in Persian architecture it is a sub division of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_circle" title="Great circle"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Great circle</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
of the earth into 360 degrees. In </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Egypt</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, one degree was 10 Itrw or </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_journey" title="River journey"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">River journeys</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
In Greece a degree was 60 Mia chillioi or thousands and comprised 600 </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadia" title="Stadia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">stadia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, with one </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion" title="Stadion"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">stadion</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> divided
into 600 </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous" title="Pous"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pous</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> or feet.
In Rome a degree was 75 Mille Passus or 1000 passus. Thus the degree division
was 111 km and the stadion 185 m. One </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nautical mile</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
was 10 stadia or 6000 feet. The incorporation of proportions which relate the
building to the earth it stands on are called </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_geometry" title="Sacred geometry"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sacred geometry</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Vitruvian_proportion"></a><br /></div>
</div>
PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-63940043731774962212014-07-20T11:59:00.000+06:002014-07-20T11:59:32.629+06:00Golden ratio<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Not to be confused
with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)"><span style="color: blue;">Golden mean
(philosophy)</span></a>, the felicitous middle between two extremes; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_numbers" title="Golden numbers"><span style="color: blue;">Golden numbers</span></a>, an indicator of years in
astronomy and calendar studies; or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" title="Ethic of reciprocity"><span style="color: blue;">Golden Rule</span></a>.</span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The golden section is
a line segment sectioned into two according to the golden ratio. The total
length </span><b><i><span lang="EN" style="color: green; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a + b</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is to the longer segment </span><b><i><span lang="EN" style="color: blue; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> as </span><b><i><span lang="EN" style="color: blue; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> is to the shorter segment </span><b><i><span lang="EN" style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics"><span style="color: blue;">mathematics</span></a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art" title="Art"><span style="color: blue;">arts</span></a>,
two quantities are in the <b>golden ratio</b> if the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio"><span style="color: blue;">ratio</span></a>
between the sum of those quantities and the larger one is the same as the ratio
between the larger one and the smaller. The golden ratio is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_number" title="Irrational number"><span style="color: blue;">irrational</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_constant" title="Mathematical constant"><span style="color: blue;">mathematical constant</span></a>,
approximately 1.6180339887. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At least since the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance"><span style="color: blue;">Renaissance</span></a>, many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist" title="Artist"><span style="color: blue;">artists</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect" title="Architect"><span style="color: blue;">architects</span></a> have
proportioned their works to approximate the golden ratio—especially in the form
of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_rectangle" title="Golden rectangle"><span style="color: blue;">golden rectangle</span></a>,
in which the ratio of the longer side to the shorter is the golden
ratio—believing this proportion to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics"><span style="color: blue;">aesthetically</span></a> pleasing. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician"><span style="color: blue;">Mathematicians</span></a> have studied the golden ratio
because of its unique and interesting properties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The golden ratio is often denoted by the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet"><span style="color: blue;">Greek</span></a> letter </span><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ϕ</span></i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_(letter)" title="Phi (letter)"><span style="color: blue;">phi</span></a>). The figure of a <b>golden
section</b> illustrates the geometric relationship that defines this constant.
Expressed algebraically:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=" \frac{a+b}{a} = \frac{a}{b} = \varphi\,."
style='width:99pt;height:30.75pt'>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This equation has as its unique positive
solution the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_number" title="Algebraic number"><span style="color: blue;">algebraic</span></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_number" title="Irrational number"><span style="color: blue;">irrational number</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="\varphi = \frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}\approx 1.61803\,39887\ldots\,"
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<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Other names frequently used for or
closely related to the golden ratio are <b>golden section</b> (Latin: <i>sectio
aurea</i>), <b>golden mean</b>, <b>golden number</b>, and the Greek letter <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_(letter)" title="Phi (letter)"><span style="color: blue;">phi</span></a></b> (</span><b><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ϕ</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">).<sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_section#cite_note-livio-1#cite_note-livio-1" title=""><span style="color: blue;">[2]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_section#cite_note-2#cite_note-2" title=""><span style="color: blue;">[3]</span></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_section#cite_note-dunlap-3#cite_note-dunlap-3" title=""><span style="color: blue;">[4]</span></a></sup> Other terms encountered
include <b>extreme and mean ratio</b>, <b>medial section</b>, <b>divine
proportion</b>, <b>divine section</b> (Latin: <i>sectio divina</i>), <b>golden
proportion</b>, <b>golden cut</b>, and <b>mean of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias"><span style="color: blue;">Phidias</span></a></b>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_Rectangle_Construction.svg" title="Construction of a golden rectangle: 1. Construct a unit square (red). 2. Draw a line from the midpoint of one side to an opposite corner. 3. Use that line as the radius to draw an arc that defines the long dimension of the rectangle."><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golden_Rectangle_Construction.svg" title="Enlarge"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
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<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Construction of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_rectangle" title="Golden rectangle"><span style="color: blue;">golden rectangle</span></a>:<br />
1. Construct a unit square (red).<br />
2. Draw a line from the midpoint of one side to an opposite corner.<br />
3. Use that line as the radius to draw an arc that defines the long dimension
of the rectangle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Calculation<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_numbers" title="List of numbers"><span style="color: blue;">List of numbers</span></a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler-Mascheroni_constant" title="Euler-Mascheroni constant"><span style="color: blue;">γ</span></a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A9ry%27s_constant" title="Apéry's constant"><span style="color: blue;">ζ(3)</span></a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_2" title="Square root of 2"><span style="color: blue;">√2</span></a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_3" title="Square root of 3"><span style="color: blue;">√3</span></a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_5" title="Square root of 5"><span style="color: blue;">√5</span></a> - <b>φ</b> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feigenbaum_constants" title="Feigenbaum constants"><span style="color: blue;">α</span></a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)" title="E (mathematical constant)"><span style="color: blue;">e</span></a> - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi" title="Pi"><span style="color: blue;">π</span></a>
- <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feigenbaum_constants" title="Feigenbaum constants"><span style="color: blue;">δ</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" title="Binary numeral system"><span style="color: blue;">Binary</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1001111000110111011…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal"><span style="color: blue;">Decimal</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.6180339887498948482…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal"><span style="color: blue;">Hexadecimal</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.9E3779B97F4A7C15F39…<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continued_fraction" title="Continued fraction"><span style="color: blue;">Continued fraction</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\ddots}}}}"
style='width:101.25pt;height:59.25pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\PANTHA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.gif"
o:href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/f/f/4/ff4faabb9ac183d696400fd4091ca607.png"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{1 + \frac{1}{\ddots}}}}" border="0" height="79" src="file:///C:/Users/PANTHA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1039" width="135" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_number" title="Algebraic number"><span style="color: blue;">Algebraic form</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="\frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2}" style='width:45.75pt;height:33pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\PANTHA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.gif"
o:href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/4/f/24f5cf0c8b736bcb74a7b05f9e6c375d.png"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="\frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2}" border="0" height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/PANTHA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1040" width="61" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Two quantities (positive numbers) <i>a</i>
and <i>b</i> are said to be in the <i>golden ratio</i> </span><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ϕ</span></i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> if:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=" \frac{a+b}{a} = \frac{a}{b} = \varphi\,."
style='width:99pt;height:30.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\PANTHA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.gif"
o:href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/f/5/d/f5d50ca811d3393b850f32c2b65be069.png"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt=" \frac{a+b}{a} = \frac{a}{b} = \varphi\,." border="0" height="41" src="file:///C:/Users/PANTHA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1030" width="132" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This equation unambiguously defines </span><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ϕ</span></i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The right equation shows that <i>a = b</i></span><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ϕ</span></i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, which can be substituted in the left part, giving<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="\frac{b\varphi+b}{b\varphi}=\frac{b\varphi}{b}\,."
style='width:85.5pt;height:33.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\PANTHA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.gif"
o:href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/3/3/233c3af133e2bc4039c2bc2a6552c5c7.png"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="\frac{b\varphi+b}{b\varphi}=\frac{b\varphi}{b}\,." border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/PANTHA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1031" width="114" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cancelling <i>b</i> yields<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="\frac{\varphi+1}{\varphi}=\varphi."
style='width:69pt;height:33.75pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\PANTHA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.gif"
o:href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/a/b/4/ab4542ff1d257ca23a77abed2f45e258.png"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="\frac{\varphi+1}{\varphi}=\varphi." border="0" height="45" src="file:///C:/Users/PANTHA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1032" width="92" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Multiplying both sides by </span><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ϕ</span></i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and rearranging terms leads to:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="{\varphi}^2 - \varphi - 1 = 0."
style='width:99pt;height:16.5pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\PANTHA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.gif"
o:href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/f/5/c/f5c0669f6c36d9e408cbd5f64be57093.png"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="{\varphi}^2 - \varphi - 1 = 0." border="0" height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/PANTHA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1038" width="132" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The only positive solution to this <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_equation" title="Quadratic equation"><span style="color: blue;">quadratic equation</span></a>
is<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="\varphi = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} \approx 1.61803\,39887\dots\,"
style='width:202.5pt;height:33pt'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\PANTHA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.gif"
o:href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/7/f/a/7fa8167798b93466094e4eab1e8044aa.png"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="\varphi = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} \approx 1.61803\,39887\dots\," border="0" height="44" src="file:///C:/Users/PANTHA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1037" width="270" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="History"></a><b><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">History<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phi_uc_lc.svg" title="Mathematician Mark Barr proposed using the first letter in the name of Greek sculptor Phidias, phi, to symbolize the golden ratio. Usually, the lowercase form (ϕ) is used. Sometimes, the uppercase form (Φ) is used for the reciprocal of the golden ratio, 1"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=""
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phi_uc_lc.svg" title=""Mathematician Mark Barr proposed using the first letter in the name of Greek sculptor Phidias, phi, to symbolize the golden ratio. Usually, the lowercase form (ϕ) is used. Sometimes, the uppercase form (Φ) is used for the reciprocal of the golden ratio, 1/ϕ.""
style='width:150pt;height:99.75pt' o:button="t">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\PANTHA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.png"
o:href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Phi_uc_lc.svg/200px-Phi_uc_lc.svg.png"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="133" src="file:///C:/Users/PANTHA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1033" width="200" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phi_uc_lc.svg" title="Enlarge"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=""
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phi_uc_lc.svg" title="Enlarge"
style='width:15pt;height:11.25pt' o:button="t">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\PANTHA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"
o:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="15" src="file:///C:/Users/PANTHA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1034" width="20" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mathematician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Barr" title="Mark Barr"><span style="color: blue;">Mark Barr</span></a> proposed using the first letter in the
name of Greek sculptor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias"><span style="color: blue;">Phidias</span></a>, <i>phi</i>, to
symbolize the golden ratio. Usually, the lowercase form (</span><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ϕ</span></i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) is used. Sometimes, the uppercase form (<b>Φ</b>) is
used for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_(mathematics)" title="Reciprocal (mathematics)"><span style="color: blue;">reciprocal</span></a>
of the golden ratio, <i>1/</i></span><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ϕ</span></i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Maestlin.jpg" title="Michael Maestlin, first to publish a decimal approximation of the golden ratio, in 1597."><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=""
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Maestlin.jpg" title=""Michael Maestlin, first to publish a decimal approximation of the golden ratio, in 1597.""
style='width:135pt;height:224.25pt' o:button="t">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\PANTHA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.jpg"
o:href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Michael_Maestlin.jpg/180px-Michael_Maestlin.jpg"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="299" src="file:///C:/Users/PANTHA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1035" width="180" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Maestlin.jpg" title="Enlarge"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=""
href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Maestlin.jpg" title="Enlarge"
style='width:11.25pt;height:8.25pt' o:button="t">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\PANTHA~1\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png"
o:href="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" height="11" src="file:///C:/Users/PANTHA~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1036" width="15" /><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maestlin" title="Michael Maestlin"><span style="color: blue;">Michael Maestlin</span></a>, first to publish a decimal
approximation of the golden ratio, in 1597.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The golden ratio has fascinated
intellectuals of diverse interests for at least 2,400 years:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Some of the greatest mathematical minds
of all ages, from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Pythagoras</span></a>
and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Euclid</span></a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">ancient Greece</span></a>, through
the medieval Italian mathematician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci" title="Fibonacci"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci)</span></a>
and the Renaissance astronomer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Johannes Kepler</span></a>, to
present-day scientific figures such as Oxford physicist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose"><span style="color: blue; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;">Roger Penrose</span></a>, have
spent endless hours over this simple ratio and its properties. But the
fascination with the Golden Ratio is not confined just to mathematicians.
Biologists, artists, musicians, historians, architects, psychologists, and even
mystics have pondered and debated the basis of its ubiquity and appeal. In
fact, it is probably fair to say that the Golden Ratio has inspired thinkers of
all disciplines like no other number in the history of mathematics.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 12.0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">—</span><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 9.5pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Livio" title="Mario Livio"><span style="color: blue;">Mario Livio</span></a>, <i>The Golden Ratio: The Story
of Phi, The World's Most Astonishing Number</i></span><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece"><span style="color: blue;">Ancient Greek</span></a> mathematicians first studied what
we now call the golden ratio because of its frequent appearance in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry"><span style="color: blue;">geometry</span></a>. The division of a line into
"extreme and mean ratio" (the golden section) is important in the
geometry of regular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagram#Geometry" title="Pentagram"><span style="color: blue;">pentagrams</span></a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon" title="Pentagon"><span style="color: blue;">pentagons</span></a>. The Greeks usually attributed
discovery of this concept to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras"><span style="color: blue;">Pythagoras</span></a> or his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism"><span style="color: blue;">followers</span></a>. The regular pentagram, which has a
regular pentagon inscribed within it, was the Pythagoreans' symbol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid"><span style="color: blue;">Euclid</span></a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elements" title="Euclid's Elements"><i><span style="color: blue;">Elements</span></i></a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language"><span style="color: blue;">Greek</span></a>: Στοιχε</span><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ῖ</span><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">α) provides the first
known written definition of what is now called the golden ratio: "A
straight line is said to have been <i>cut in extreme and mean ratio</i> when,
as the whole line is to the greater segment, so is the greater to the
less."</span><u><sup><span lang="EN" style="color: blue; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></sup></u><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Euclid explains a construction for
cutting (sectioning) a line "in extreme and mean ratio", i.e. the
golden ratio. Throughout the <i>Elements</i>, several propositions (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem" title="Theorem"><span style="color: blue;">theorems</span></a> in modern terminology) and their proofs
employ the golden ratio. Some of these propositions show that the golden ratio
is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrational_number" title="Irrational number"><span style="color: blue;">irrational number</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The name "extreme and mean
ratio" was the principal term used from the 3rd century BC. until about
the 18th century.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The modern history of the golden ratio
starts with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli"><span style="color: blue;">Luca Pacioli</span></a>'s <i>Divina
Proportione</i> of 1509, which captured the imagination of artists, architects,
scientists, and mystics with the properties, mathematical and otherwise, of the
golden ratio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The first known approximation of the
(inverse) golden ratio by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_fraction" title="Decimal fraction"><span style="color: blue;">decimal fraction</span></a>, stated as "about
0.6180340," was written in 1597 by Prof. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Maestlin" title="Michael Maestlin"><span style="color: blue;">Michael Maestlin</span></a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen"><span style="color: blue;">University of Tübingen</span></a>
in a letter to his former student <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler"><span style="color: blue;">Johannes Kepler</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Since the twentieth century, the golden
ratio has been represented by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet"><span style="color: blue;">Greek letter</span></a> </span><b><i><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;">ϕ</span></i></b><span lang="EN" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi" title="Phi"><span style="color: blue;">phi</span></a>, after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias"><span style="color: blue;">Phidias</span></a>, a sculptor who is said to have employed
it) or less commonly by <b><i>τ</i></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau" title="Tau"><span style="color: blue;">tau</span></a>,
the first letter of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek"><span style="color: blue;">ancient Greek</span></a> root
τομή—meaning <i>cut</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-86338423511440466062014-07-08T22:52:00.002+06:002014-07-08T22:52:34.828+06:00Onishi House By Tadao Ando<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-31401293189910553662014-07-08T22:35:00.002+06:002014-07-08T22:35:42.738+06:00Fisher House By Louis Kahn<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVXCa-rCe1We1roOgbLfZxigVnTkEUkx7aMDfJQSZOq-OeHJFbDwb5ZqXrN_ANXLaci16XkuS-ZYsDDXYxffHE1vG73reI4m8-nuemsTmm3lLV-gwbLSz2JkKTKjAV3g16vKbDrGpj-Zc/s1600/0724kahn6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVXCa-rCe1We1roOgbLfZxigVnTkEUkx7aMDfJQSZOq-OeHJFbDwb5ZqXrN_ANXLaci16XkuS-ZYsDDXYxffHE1vG73reI4m8-nuemsTmm3lLV-gwbLSz2JkKTKjAV3g16vKbDrGpj-Zc/s1600/0724kahn6.jpg" height="133" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH0_T_1qfm0RKjqZQKAJR4Q_LdmW9d1FlIj2EVmz4fJjtFLtQWRm0-7_3SPPFKa-CqJIKYGjCuY4TUCdwpU6GaO14HPDhGiz56ckWJ59H3rD_xCug4soTAAytQ8R9UxqpISTMer4fdVW8/s1600/Marcus_Louis_Kahn_at_Fisher_House_1967.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH0_T_1qfm0RKjqZQKAJR4Q_LdmW9d1FlIj2EVmz4fJjtFLtQWRm0-7_3SPPFKa-CqJIKYGjCuY4TUCdwpU6GaO14HPDhGiz56ckWJ59H3rD_xCug4soTAAytQ8R9UxqpISTMer4fdVW8/s1600/Marcus_Louis_Kahn_at_Fisher_House_1967.jpg" height="200" width="134" /></a><strong><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;">Louis I. Kahn</span></i></strong><em><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;">'s</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span><em><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;"><a href="http://fisher-kahnhouse.com/" style="outline: 0px;" target="_blank"><i><span style="color: #1111aa; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fisher House</span></i></a></span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span><em><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;">was built in Hatboro, Pa.,
between 1960 and 1967 for a well-respected doctor, the late</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span><strong style="outline: 0px;"><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;">Norman Fisher</span></i></strong><em><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;">. Last year, Norman Fisher's
children began the process of prepping the house for sale through the National
Trust, which is in charge of ensuring that its architectural integrity is
preserved. Here,</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span><strong style="outline: 0px;"><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;">Norman Fisher's daughter Nina</span></i></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;"> </span></i></span><em><span style="background: white; border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 115%; padding: 0in;">writes about what she learned
from growing up in a Lou Kahn house</span></em><i><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<strong><i><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt; padding: 0in;">By
Nina Fisher</span></i></strong><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin: 6pt 0in; outline: 0px;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZD91_Z-xS5LnCmVn01Zj4Ua7cvwDnhdg-VCnPHgik-0iU3PTtDnnSQZyeQz9Az1NCVXlb2IcRROOcHt-pgHwPaRs8RrTG6KIzWt1LTElLYzRnOxtxiGFio-rgk0Vy_oEhavxZhnQVqlg/s1600/ff141e8ab1e9e8be20e2a4432904c830.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZD91_Z-xS5LnCmVn01Zj4Ua7cvwDnhdg-VCnPHgik-0iU3PTtDnnSQZyeQz9Az1NCVXlb2IcRROOcHt-pgHwPaRs8RrTG6KIzWt1LTElLYzRnOxtxiGFio-rgk0Vy_oEhavxZhnQVqlg/s1600/ff141e8ab1e9e8be20e2a4432904c830.png" height="140" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYF4z2Hav0gPtq0ren9SAeMOzr1LT507kh5wanp9AdjNeDXFd2lGXzlnFMqUIVw7G9-Uc4oTLCAvKojkFVu06snD8moFAXtIkLqMlp-4kAtwyxwQx8Xx9NW9tDq4YZs-Yte36p5kdBAjc/s1600/Casa-Fisher-en-Hatboro-EU_Louis-I_-Kahn_Tec11-9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYF4z2Hav0gPtq0ren9SAeMOzr1LT507kh5wanp9AdjNeDXFd2lGXzlnFMqUIVw7G9-Uc4oTLCAvKojkFVu06snD8moFAXtIkLqMlp-4kAtwyxwQx8Xx9NW9tDq4YZs-Yte36p5kdBAjc/s1600/Casa-Fisher-en-Hatboro-EU_Louis-I_-Kahn_Tec11-9.jpg" height="200" width="194" /></a><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">I was all
of three years old when my parents, Norman and Doris Fisher, met Louis Kahn for
the first time. After several disappointing meetings with area architects, they
asked Lou to design a home for our family in the north-of-Philadelphia town of
Hatboro, about a half a mile from where we lived above my dad’s office.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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time to make sure they got our new house right. They didn’t press Kahn to hurry
through plans, and they didn’t accept the first design he laid out on paper.
They became a team, my parents and Lou, assessing needs versus desires,
considering fiscal constraints, and scrutinizing Lou’s many drawings, plans,
and scribbles. They fully embraced<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><strong style="outline: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">his visionary approach and
poetic take</span></strong><span class="apple-converted-space"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span></b></span>on architecture.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-67897792038997081502014-07-08T14:32:00.001+06:002014-07-08T14:32:45.048+06:00Dhaka Imarat Nirman Bidhimala-2008<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">The new Building Construction Act ঢাকা মহানগর ইমারত (নির্মাণ, উন্নয়ন, সংরক্ষণ ও অপসারণ) বিধিমালা, ২০০৮ (Dhaka Mohanagar Imarot Nirman Bidhimala, 2008) published on May 29, 2008 as the Bangladesh Gazette by the Ministry of Housing of Govt. of Bangladesh. </span><br style="font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: verdana, tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;">Complete e-book in .doc format. Required fonts are attached.</span><br />
<a href="http://adf.ly/q9yEI" target="_blank">Dhaka Imarat Nirman Bidhimala-2008</a></div>
PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-63503914787347973142014-07-06T16:19:00.000+06:002014-07-06T16:19:17.983+06:00Library (Programme)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-73790134658199644732014-07-06T12:53:00.001+06:002014-07-06T12:53:27.018+06:00Auditorium Standards<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-34893080747294577122014-07-06T12:38:00.003+06:002014-07-06T12:38:47.505+06:00Buet Auditorium<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-21713843698645873982014-07-06T03:05:00.001+06:002014-07-06T03:05:10.962+06:00Auditorium Acoustics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-69281295767762079022014-07-06T02:52:00.001+06:002014-07-06T02:52:13.666+06:00Auditorium Lighting<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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PK SAHAhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14676544158424916856noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9116494611216760166.post-16720988828957865682014-07-06T02:45:00.000+06:002014-07-06T02:45:13.413+06:00Educational Research Centre<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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